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Non-nuclear Inheritance

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...

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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

Published on: April 13, 2012

Organelle Genetics in Plants.

Pedro Robles¹, Víctor Quesada¹

¹Instituto de Bioingeniería, Campus de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|March 6, 2021

Summary

This collection explores plant organelle genetics, focusing on chloroplast and mitochondrial gene expression, genome sequencing, and engineering. Key findings advance our understanding of plant adaptation and biotechnology.

Area of Science:

Plant Science
Genetics
Genomics
Biotechnology

Background:

This Special Issue compiles 11 articles (4 reviews, 7 research papers) on organelle genetics in plants.
The scope includes chloroplast and plant mitochondria research, covering gene expression, genome sequencing, and engineering.

Discussion:

Organellar gene expression (OGE) studies focus on RNA editing in soybean chloroplasts and mitochondria, intron splicing, and regulation during environmental stress.
Analysis of nuclear integrants of mitochondrial (NUMTs) and plastid DNA (NUPTs) is discussed.
Sequencing and characterization of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes are presented.

Key Insights:

Recent advances in plastid genome engineering are highlighted.

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Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

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Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Published on: May 16, 2025

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Last Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

Published on: April 13, 2012

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Preparation of Intact Tissue for Microscopic Analysis of the Endosperm Cell Layer in Developing and Mature Arabidopsis Seeds

Published on: May 16, 2025

The research provides insights into transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of OGE in plant adaptation.

Studies cover specific examples like soybean nodulation and environmental stress responses.

Outlook:

This compilation represents the latest research in plant organelle genetics, genomics, and biotechnology.
Future directions may involve further exploration of organelle genome engineering and its applications.
Understanding OGE mechanisms can lead to improved crop resilience and productivity.