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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

An Ex Vivo Explant Model for Studying Glial Interactions in the Mouse Retina

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Published on: July 15, 2025

Astrocyte glutamate uptake coordinates experience-dependent, eye-specific refinement in developing visual cortex.

Grayson O Sipe¹, Jeremy Petravicz¹, Rajeev V Rikhye¹

¹Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

|March 6, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT1 is crucial for refining visual cortex development. Impaired GLT1 function disrupts binocular vision and alters synaptic plasticity in mice.

Keywords:

astrocytes glutamate uptake visual cortex development

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Last Updated: Nov 15, 2025

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Published on: July 15, 2025

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Single Synapse Indicators of Glutamate Release and Uptake in Acute Brain Slices from Normal and Huntington Mice

Published on: March 11, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Glutamate Signaling

Background:

Astrocytes regulate synaptic transmission through glutamate uptake.
The role of astrocytic glutamate transporters, like GLT1, in neuronal circuit development is not fully understood.
GLT1 is the primary glutamate clearance system in the adult mouse cortex.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of GLT1 deficiency on the structural and functional development of the visual cortex.
To elucidate the role of GLT1 in experience-dependent refinement of visual circuits.
To examine visual cortex plasticity in GLT1 heterozygous mice.

Main Methods:

Two-photon microscopy
Immunohistochemistry
Slice electrophysiology
Analysis of GLT1 heterozygous mice

Main Results:

Binocular refinement in the primary visual cortex was disrupted in GLT1 HET mice.
Altered eye-specific responses and increased dendritic spine density were observed.
Monocular deprivation revealed atypical ocular dominance plasticity, with ipsilateral eye response depression.

Conclusions:

Astrocytic GLT1 function is essential for the experience-dependent refinement of visual cortex circuits.
GLT1 plays a critical role in shaping binocular vision and synaptic plasticity during development.
Disruption of GLT1 impacts neuronal circuit maturation and response properties.