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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Parathyroid hormone.

Edward Ki Yun Leung1

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Advances in Clinical Chemistry
|March 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium and phosphate levels. Understanding PTH

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Mineral Metabolism
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key regulator of extracellular calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
  • PTH influences kidney reabsorption, vitamin D synthesis, and bone resorption.
  • Parathyroid diseases arise from genetic mutations affecting gland development, hormone synthesis, secretion, or gland destruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of parathyroid hormone in calcium and phosphate regulation.
  • To discuss the various causes and treatments for parathyroid disease.
  • To highlight the challenges in accurately assessing parathyroid hormone levels.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of parathyroid hormone physiology and disease.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic strategies for parathyroid disorders.
Keywords:
HyperparathyroidismHypoparathyroidismPTHParathyroid glandParathyroid hormone

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  • Examination of diagnostic limitations in parathyroid hormone immunoassays.

    • Main Results:

    • PTH is crucial for maintaining mineral balance through renal, intestinal, and bone effects.
    • Parathyroid diseases encompass a range of conditions treatable by diverse medical and surgical interventions.
    • Existing immunoassays for PTH can be inaccurate due to interfering factors.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate parathyroid hormone assessment is vital for diagnosing and managing parathyroid diseases.
    • Ongoing research aims to improve the reliability of PTH measurements.
    • A comprehensive understanding of PTH function informs therapeutic approaches to mineral disorders.