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Overview of the Vascular System01:20

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The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last...
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Updated: Nov 13, 2025

A Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Venous Malformation
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Corrigendum: Childhood Vascular Tumors.

Harriet Bagnal Hinen1, Luigi Boccuto2, Cameron C Trenor3

  • 1Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.

Frontiers in Pediatrics
|March 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study corrects a previous article DOI. The corrected DOI is 10.3389/fped.2020.573023, ensuring accurate citation and retrieval of scientific literature.

Keywords:
PHACEangiomahemangiomapediatric vascular tumorpyogenic granuloma

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Area of Science:

  • Correction of scientific literature references.
  • Ensuring accurate citation of peer-reviewed research.

Context:

  • Previous publication contained an incorrect article DOI.
  • Accurate referencing is crucial for scientific integrity and reproducibility.

Purpose:

  • To provide the correct Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for a specific article.
  • To rectify a citation error and facilitate proper access to the research.

Summary:

  • The article DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.573023 has been corrected.
  • This correction ensures that readers can accurately locate and access the intended publication.

Impact:

  • Improves the reliability of scientific records.
  • Facilitates seamless access to research for the scientific community.