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Related Concept Videos

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Personal Protective Equipment01:20

Personal Protective Equipment

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is unique clothing or equipment worn by an employee to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious agents. PPE creates a barrier between the employee and the infectious materials. PPE must be readily available in the patient care area. PPE includes gloves, gowns and aprons, masks and respirators, goggles, face shields, shoes, and headcovers:
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Administering Oxygen by Mask01:30

Administering Oxygen by Mask

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Administering Oxygen by Mask
Administering oxygen by mask is a common nursing intervention that provides supplemental oxygen to patients with respiratory distress or chronic lung conditions. This procedure involves delivering oxygen at a specified rate through a face mask connected to an oxygen source.
Equipment
The equipment necessary for this procedure includes:
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning01:22

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning

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Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing

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The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Effects of Surgical Masks on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Subjects
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Aircrew Performance and Safety While Using Protective Masks in Response to Coronavirus Disease.

Kara M Cave, Amanda M Kelley, Kathryn A Feltman

    Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance
    |March 23, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Aircrew mask use, including N95 respirators and aviation-specific cloth masks, maintained speech intelligibility above 80% and was deemed safe for rotary wing aircraft operations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Aviation Safety and Performance
    • Aerospace Medicine
    • Human Factors Engineering

    Background:

    • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated evaluating respiratory protection for aircrew and air traffic controllers (ATC).
    • Previous research on mask use in aviation environments, particularly rotary wing aircraft, was limited.
    • Ensuring safety and performance during critical flight tasks while wearing masks was a key concern.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the impact of various masks on aircrew safety and performance in rotary wing aircraft.
    • To evaluate speech intelligibility, workload, usability, and comfort during aviation tasks with mask use.
    • To determine the safety and efficacy of N95 respirators and aviation-specific cloth masks for aircrew.

    Main Methods:

    • Evaluations involved aircrew (UH-60, CH-47) and air traffic controllers (ATC).
    • Tested masks included 3M N95 Model 1860, two aviation cloth prototypes, and one commercial aviation cloth mask.
    • Speech intelligibility (Modified Rhyme Test), workload (NASA-TLX), usability, comfort, and pulse oximetry were measured.

    Main Results:

    • Speech intelligibility scores exceeded 80% accuracy with proper microphone positioning for all tested masks.
    • NASA-TLX workload scores for radio communication tasks averaged 50.83.
    • Despite perceived workload increases, speech intelligibility met military standards (MIL-STD-1474E).

    Conclusions:

    • The tested face masks, including N95 respirators and aviation-specific cloth masks, are safe for helicopter aircrew.
    • Speech intelligibility remains within acceptable limits for aviation communication, even with mask use.
    • Further research may be warranted to fully understand long-term effects and optimize mask design for aviation.