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Related Concept Videos

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
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In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
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Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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Kinetochore assembly throughout the cell cycle.

Alexandra P Navarro1, Iain M Cheeseman1

  • 1Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|March 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The kinetochore is a crucial protein complex for cell division, ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. This review details its dynamic assembly, structure, and function during mitosis.

Keywords:
CentromereKinetochoreMitosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The kinetochore is a large protein complex essential for chromosome segregation during cell division.
  • It mediates the attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules during mitosis.
  • Kinetochores also regulate cell cycle progression and ensure accurate chromosome inheritance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of kinetochore structure and function.
  • To highlight the dynamic processes involved in kinetochore assembly.
  • To emphasize the role of kinetochores in ensuring faithful chromosome segregation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on kinetochore structure and function.
  • Analysis of research on kinetochore assembly dynamics.
  • Synthesis of information on kinetochore's role in mitosis and cell cycle regulation.

Main Results:

  • Kinetochores are dynamic structures that undergo significant changes throughout the cell cycle.
  • Their assembly involves complex protein interactions at the centromere.
  • Kinetochore function is critical for the fidelity of chromosome segregation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding kinetochore dynamics is key to comprehending cell division.
  • Kinetochore assembly and function are vital for preventing aneuploidy.
  • Further research into kinetochore regulation can inform studies on cell cycle disorders.