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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhanced Quantification of Cardiovascular Calcification Progression for Longitudinal Micro PET/CT Studies in Small Research Animals
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Author Spotlight: Enhanced Quantification of Cardiovascular Calcification Progression for Longitudinal Micro PET/CT Studies in Small Research Animals

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[Brain Calcification].

Mamiko Nishihara1, Yoshiko Tani, Yasushi Ito

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Shinrakuen Hospital.

No Shinkei Geka. Neurological Surgery
|March 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Pathological brain calcifications have diverse causes and require careful diagnosis using patient age, location, and imaging. Calcified brain metastases, especially hemorrhagic ones, should be considered in middle-aged and elderly patients.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Brain calcification can be physiological or pathological, stemming from various conditions like infections, metabolic diseases, and neoplasms.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on patient age, calcification location, and associated imaging findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the differential diagnosis of pathological brain calcifications.
  • To highlight the characteristics of calcified brain metastases and their mimics.

Main Methods:

  • Computed Tomography (CT) for initial detection of subcortical calcification.
  • Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) for further evaluation.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with Gadolinium (Gd) enhancement for detailed characterization of brain metastases.

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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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Main Results:

  • Dural arteriovenous fistulas with cortical venous reflux are a differential for subcortical calcification on CT.
  • Calcified brain metastases were analyzed in 20 patients, with six showing hemorrhage, necrosis, or degeneration.
  • Hemorrhagic brain metastases can mimic cerebral cavernous malformations.

Conclusions:

  • Consider dural arteriovenous fistulas in subcortical calcification diagnosis.
  • Cancer metastasis should be a differential for calcified or hemorrhagic masses in middle-aged and elderly patients.
  • MRI with Gd enhancement is recommended for evaluating suspected brain metastases.