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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Simultaneous hot and cold thyroid nodules: Which is malignant?

Yuki Otsuka1, Yasuhiro Nakano1, Daisuke Omura1

  • 1Department of General Medicine Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan.

Clinical Case Reports
|March 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physicians must recognize malignancy risk in toxic multinodular goiter. Radionuclide scans are unreliable for predicting thyroid nodule malignancy; comprehensive imaging evaluation is essential.

Keywords:
autonomous functioning thyroid nodulehyperthyroidismthyroid papillary cancertoxic multinodular goiter

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Nuclear Medicine

Background:

  • Toxic multinodular goiter (TMG) presents a risk for underlying thyroid malignancy.
  • Distinguishing benign from malignant nodules in TMG is clinically significant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the risk of malignancy in patients with toxic multinodular goiter.
  • To evaluate the utility of radionuclide scans in assessing malignant potential of thyroid nodules within TMG.
  • To emphasize the need for comprehensive imaging assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical data and imaging studies in patients diagnosed with toxic multinodular goiter.
  • Analysis of the correlation between radionuclide scan findings and histopathological results.
  • Evaluation of various imaging modalities for their effectiveness in characterizing thyroid nodules.

Main Results:

  • Radionuclide scan findings were not predictive of the malignant potential of thyroid nodules in TMG.
  • Malignancy can be present in patients with toxic multinodular goiter, irrespective of scan results.

Conclusions:

  • Physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for malignancy in patients with toxic multinodular goiter.
  • Radionuclide scintigraphy is insufficient for ruling out malignancy in TMG.
  • A multimodal imaging approach is crucial for the thorough evaluation of thyroid nodules in TMG.