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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
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Women in Urology.

Mara R Holton1, Kari Bailey1

  • 1AAUrology, PA, Annapolis, MD, USA.

The Urologic Clinics of North America
|April 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Women are increasingly entering genitourinary (GU) specialty training, despite challenges like harassment and pay gaps. This demographic shift necessitates addressing the unique needs of female GU providers as demand for care grows.

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Medical Education
  • Healthcare Workforce Diversity

Background:

  • Historically, women have been underrepresented in genitourinary (GU) specialty training and practice compared to other medical fields.
  • Key challenges hindering women's participation include issues related to maternity leave, sexual harassment, and persistent pay disparities.
  • Despite these obstacles, there has been a significant and rapid increase in the number of women entering GU specialty training programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the current trends and challenges facing women in genitourinary (GU) specialty training and practice.
  • To project the future demographic shifts in the GU workforce due to increasing numbers of female graduates and retiring male providers.
  • To highlight the importance of addressing the unique concerns of female GU providers in the context of an aging US population and rising demand for GU services.
Keywords:
BreastfeedingFemale urologistGender disparitiesMaternity leavePay discrepanciesWoman urologist

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Last Updated: Nov 10, 2025

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Main Methods:

  • Qualitative analysis of existing literature and data on gender representation in GU medicine.
  • Trend analysis of female enrollment in GU residency and fellowship programs.
  • Projection modeling for future workforce demographics based on current graduation rates and retirement trends.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of women in GU specialty training has shown a rapid upward trend.
  • Retiring male providers coupled with a higher number of female graduates will lead to a significant demographic shift in GU care providers.
  • Younger female providers will constitute a larger percentage of the future GU workforce.

Conclusions:

  • The increasing number of women in GU training signals a substantial demographic shift in the provision of GU care.
  • Anticipating and addressing the specific concerns of this growing female workforce is crucial for the future of GU medicine.
  • The evolving demographics of GU providers must be considered alongside the increasing demand for GU services from an aging population.