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Updated: Nov 10, 2025

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Self-Reference Effect Induced by Self-Cues Presented During Retrieval.

Liguo He1, Wei Han1, Zhan Shi1

  • 1School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.

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|April 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The self-reference effect (SRE) enhances memory recall for self-related information. This study found that self-cues presented during memory retrieval, not just encoding, are sufficient to trigger the SRE.

Keywords:
encodingmemoryretrievalselfself-reference effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The self-reference effect (SRE) demonstrates superior memory for self-relevant information compared to other-relevant information.
  • Typically, the SRE is observed when connections between stimuli and the self are established during the encoding phase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether establishing self-relevance during encoding is a prerequisite for the SRE.
  • To determine if self-cues presented during retrieval can induce the SRE.

Main Methods:

  • Two recognition tasks using abstract geometric shapes (AGSs) were employed.
  • A cue-in-encoding condition linked self/other cues to AGSs during encoding.
  • A cue-in-retrieval condition linked self/other cues to AGSs during retrieval.

Main Results:

  • The self-reference effect (SRE) was observed in both the cue-in-encoding and cue-in-retrieval conditions.
  • Self-cues presented solely during the retrieval phase were sufficient to elicit the SRE.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that the self-reference effect can be induced even when self-relevance is established only during the retrieval phase.
  • Connections forged during the encoding phase may not be essential prerequisites for observing the SRE.