Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

548
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
548
Graded Potential01:19

Graded Potential

5.9K
Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or...
5.9K
Serial Position Effect01:03

Serial Position Effect

324
The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
324

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same authorSame journal

Subtitle Engagement Varies with Audio-Subtitle Language-Script Pairing: Evidence from Hindi-English Bilinguals with an English-Medium Instruction Background.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Visual attention in bilingual instructional videos: effects of audiovisual congruency and subtitle language.

Cognitive research: principles and implications·2026
Same author

Perceptual similarity and clustering in braille letter recognition.

Cognitive research: principles and implications·2026
Same author

The costs of adding versus omitting diacritics in visual word recognition: Evidence from German and Finnish.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

Replicating the unconscious working memory effect: a multisite Registered Report.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same author

How time shapes letter position flexibility: Testing positional uncertainty and open bigram accounts.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2025
Same journal

Ultra-Early OCT Changes After Intravitreal Injection: Evidence Consistent with Transient Mechanical Compression.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

A Cerebral Basis for Visual Discomfort and Visual Stress.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Practice Effects and the Lanthony D15.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Wouldn't It Be Nice to Not Fall for It Twice? Prior Experience Does Not Abolish the Impact of Expectancy Violations on Attention Capture.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Treatment for Convergence Insufficiency with a New Digital Mobile Platform: A Comparative Preliminary Study.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

23.1K

Do Grading Gray Stimuli Help to Encode Letter Position?

Manuel Perea1,2, Ana Baciero2, Ana Marcet3

  • 1Departamento de Metodología and ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposed letters in pseudowords are recognized as more wordlike than replaced letters. This effect persists regardless of visual presentation, indicating language-specific orthographic processing in word recognition.

Keywords:
letter position codinglexical decisionorthographic processingperceptual factorsword recognition

More Related Videos

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

4.8K
Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
06:48

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: June 25, 2019

9.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

23.1K
A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

4.8K
Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
06:48

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: June 25, 2019

9.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Transposed-letter pseudowords (e.g., JUGDE) are perceived as more wordlike than replacement-letter controls (e.g., JUPTE).
  • This phenomenon sparks debate: is it due to perceptual uncertainty or abstract, language-specific processing?

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the limits of perceptual accounts in letter position coding.
  • To determine whether visual presentation format influences the transposed-letter effect.

Main Methods:

  • A lexical decision task was employed.
  • Stimuli included transposed-letter and replacement-letter pseudowords.
  • Stimuli were presented with either homogeneous or graded gray intensity to test visual format effects.

Main Results:

  • Response times were significantly longer for transposed-letter pseudowords compared to replacement-letter pseudowords.
  • Error rates were substantially higher for transposed-letter pseudowords.
  • These differences were consistent across both visual presentation formats.

Conclusions:

  • Findings challenge purely perceptual explanations for the transposed-letter effect.
  • Results support the role of language-specific orthographic factors in encoding letter position during word recognition.