Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

4.3K
Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
4.3K
Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

Transmission Line Design Considerations

259
Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
259
Speed of a Transverse Wave01:13

Speed of a Transverse Wave

2.1K
The speed of a wave depends on the characteristics of the medium. For example, in the case of a guitar, the strings vibrate to produce the sound. The speed of the waves on the strings and the wavelength determine the frequency of the sound produced. The strings on a guitar have different thicknesses but may be made of similar material. They have different linear densities, and the linear density is defined as the mass per length.
One of the key properties of any wave is the wave speed. Light...
2.1K
Energy Stored In A Coaxial Cable01:31

Energy Stored In A Coaxial Cable

1.8K
A coaxial cable consists of a central copper conductor used for transmitting signals, followed by an insulator shield, a metallic braided mesh that prevents signal interference, and a plastic layer that encases the entire assembly.
In the simplest form, a coaxial cable can be represented by two long hollow concentric cylinders in which the current flows in opposite directions. The magnetic field inside and outside the coaxial cable is determined by using Ampère's law. The magnetic field inside...
1.8K
Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Electromagnetic Waves

10.1K
James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws...
10.1K
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

1.9K
Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
1.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intradyne coherent receiver with optical decryption for disaggregated PSK Y-00 cipher transceiver architecture.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Experimental demonstration of a 4,294,967,296-QAM-based Y-00 quantum stream cipher template carrying 160-Gb/s 16-QAM signals.

Optics express·2021
Same author

SiN/Si double-layer platform for ultralow-crosstalk multiport optical switches.

Optics express·2019
Same author

Single-channel 48-Gbit/s DP PSK Y-00 quantum stream cipher transmission over 400- and 800-km SSMF.

Optics express·2019
Same author

Digital coherent PSK Y-00 quantum stream cipher with 2<sup>17</sup> randomized phase levels.

Optics express·2019
Same author

Integrated silicon photonic wavelength-selective switch using wavefront control waveguides.

Optics express·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

11.1K

Ultra-long-haul digital coherent PSK Y-00 quantum stream cipher transmission system.

Ken Tanizawa, Fumio Futami

    Optics Express
    |April 6, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers demonstrated a record 10,118-km fiber transmission using a Y-00 cipher for physical layer encryption. This quantum (shot) noise-based method ensures secure optical communications without compromising transmission performance.

    More Related Videos

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.3K
    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    8.8K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Nov 10, 2025

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
    07:45

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

    Published on: February 6, 2014

    11.1K
    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
    06:42

    Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

    Published on: June 8, 2018

    9.3K
    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
    07:56

    A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

    Published on: September 5, 2019

    8.8K

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Communications
    • Quantum Information Security
    • Cryptography

    Background:

    • Physical layer security is crucial for optical communications.
    • Existing encryption methods may introduce latency or complexity.
    • Quantum noise offers a novel approach for inherent security.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate ultra-long-haul fiber transmission with physical layer encryption using a Y-00 cipher.
    • To investigate the feasibility of transoceanic-distance secure optical communication.
    • To analyze the balance between security and transmission performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Y-00 cipher based on signal masking by quantum (shot) noise.
    • Applied phase-shift-keying (PSK) modulation with 2^18 levels for encryption.
    • Conducted a 10,118-km standard single-mode fiber transmission experiment at 48-Gbit/s.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a record 10,118-km fiber transmission with physical layer encryption.
    • Demonstrated irreducible secrecy through synergistic effects of modulation and shot noise.
    • Maintained adequate signal quality above the Q-factor threshold for error correction.

    Conclusions:

    • Ultra-long-haul fiber transmission with enhanced security is feasible using the Y-00 cipher.
    • The Y-00 cipher provides a high level of security with minimal impact on transmission performance.
    • This technology offers a promising solution for secure optical communication networks.