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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
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ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
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Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins01:32

Microtubule Associated Motor Proteins

9.1K
Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 9, 2025

Light-driven Molecular Motors on Surfaces for Single Molecular Imaging
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Light-driven Molecular Motors on Surfaces for Single Molecular Imaging

Published on: March 13, 2019

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Molecular Pumps and Motors.

Yuanning Feng1, Marco Ovalle1, James S W Seale1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemists are designing artificial molecular machines, inspired by nature's pumps and motors. These novel machines harness energy to control molecular motion away from equilibrium, enabling new synthetic possibilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Molecular Engineering
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Pumps and motors are fundamental to both biological systems and industrial applications.
  • Nature utilizes molecular pumps and motors for essential life processes.
  • Recent advancements enable chemists to design and construct artificial molecular machines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history and innovations in designing artificial molecular machines.
  • To highlight the connection between natural and artificial molecular machinery.
  • To explain the principles enabling the engineering of molecular motion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing kinetically controlled, non-equilibrium chemistry.
  • Applying trajectory thermodynamics and the principle of microscopic reversibility.
  • Designing molecules with kinetic asymmetry to engineer potential landscapes.

Main Results:

  • Achieved unprecedented control over the relative motion of molecular components.
  • Developed artificial molecular machines mimicking natural pumps and motors.
  • Enabled the formation and maintenance of non-equilibrium molecular geometries.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial molecular machines offer precise control over molecular motion.
  • Harnessing energy and kinetic asymmetry are key to engineering molecular machines.
  • This field opens new avenues for molecular design and synthesis beyond traditional methods.