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Updated: Nov 9, 2025
Real-Time Monitoring and Modulation of Blood Pressure in a Rabbit Model of Ischemic Stroke
Published on: February 10, 2023
Cerebrovascular Impedance During Hemodynamic Change in Rabbits: A Pilot Study
Agnieszka Kazimierska1, Magdalena Kasprowicz2, Michał M Placek2,3
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland. agnieszka.kazimierska@pwr.edu.pl.
Introduction:
Cerebrovascular impedance describes the relationship between pulsatile changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). It is commonly defined by modulus and phase shift derived from Fourier spectra of ABP and CBF velocity (CBFV) signals under mostly steady-state conditions. The aim of this work was to assess heartbeat-to-heartbeat cerebrovascular impedance at heart rate frequency during controlled changes in mean ABP and intracranial pressure (ICP).
Material And Methods:
Recordings of ABP in the femoral artery, transcranial Doppler CBFV in the basilar artery, and subarachnoid ICP were obtained from anesthetized rabbits with induced arterial hypotension (n = 8 rabbits), arterial hypertension (n = 5), or intracranial hypertension (n = 7). Modulus of cerebrovascular impedance (|Z|) was estimated from amplitudes of ABP and CBFV. Phase shift of cerebrovascular impedance (PS) was estimated from time-frequency (TF) representations of phase shift between ABP and CBFV overlaid with a time-variant mask based on the fundamental frequency of ABP.
Results:
Both |Z| and PS increased with increasing mean ABP. |Z| decreased with increasing mean ICP, but no change was observed in PS.
Conclusions:
The combined beat-to-beat and TF approach allows for the estimation of cerebrovascular impedance during transient hemodynamic changes. |Z| and PS follow the pattern of changes in CPP.
