Evolution of the gross tumour volume extent during radiotherapy for glioblastomas

Tumour growth during radiotherapy may lead to geographical misses of the target volume. This study investigates the evolution of the tumour extent and evaluates the need for plan adaptation to ensure dose coverage of the target in glioblastoma patients.

The prospective study included 29 patients referred for 59.4 Gy in 33 fractions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at the time of treatment planning, at fraction 10, 20, 30, and three weeks after the end of radiotherapy. The gross tumour volume (GTV) was defined as the T1w contrast-enhanced region plus the surgical cavity on each MRI set. The relative GTV volume and the maximum distance (D_max) of the extent of the actual GTV outside the original GTV were measured. Based on the location of the actual GTV during radiotherapy and the original planned dose, a prospective clinical decision was made whether to adapt the treatment.

Dose coverage of the GTV during radiotherapy was not compromised, and none of the radiotherapy plans was adapted. The median D_max (range) was 5.7 (2.0-18.9) mm, 8.0 (2.0-27.4) mm, 8.0 (1.9-27.3) mm, and 8.9 (1.9-34.4) mm at fraction 10, 20, 30, and follow-up. The relative GTV volume and D_max observed at fraction 10 were correlated with the values observed at follow-up (R = 0.74, p < 0.001 and R = 0.79, p < 0.001, respectively).

Large variations in the GTV extent were observed, and changes often occurred early in the treatment. Plan adaptation for geographical misses was not performed in our cohort due to sufficient CTV margins.