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Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication
Published on: June 6, 2012
Adding wisdom to 'smart' bioelectronic systems: a design framework for physiologic control including practical
Aysegul Gunduz1, Enrico Opri1, Ro'ee Gilron2
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida Gainesville, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
None:
This perspective provides an overview of how risk can be effectively considered in physiological control loops that strive for semi-to-fully automated operation. The perspective first introduces the motivation, user needs and framework for the design of a physiological closed-loop controller. Then, we discuss specific risk areas and use examples from historical medical devices to illustrate the key concepts. Finally, we provide a design overview of an adaptive bidirectional brain-machine interface, currently undergoing human clinical studies, to synthesize the design principles in an exemplar application.
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