Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

255
Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
255
Autobiographical Memory01:14

Autobiographical Memory

6.0K
Autobiographical memory is a unique type of episodic memory that involves recollecting personal life experiences. It allows individuals to remember significant events from their past, creating a narrative of their lives. One interesting phenomenon related to autobiographical memory is the reminiscence bump. This effect refers to the tendency of adults to recall more events from their second and third decades of life — typically between ages 10 to 30 — than from other periods. This...
6.0K
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

388
Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
388
Storage01:23

Storage

202
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
202
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

886
Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
886
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

272
Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
272

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Inhibitory control of disconfirmed predictions during sentence processing in aging.

Cognition·2026
Same author

Prior reward contingencies influence the contents of working memory by biasing attention in space but not in time: Evidence from recognition of sequentially versus simultaneously presented sets of items.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026
Same author

The Cognitive Substrates of Action Fluency: A Multivariate Analysis in Parkinson's Disease.

American journal of speech-language pathology·2026
Same author

Effects of stuttering and sound avoidance on reference production and memory.

Applied psycholinguistics·2026
Same author

Moderate-severe traumatic brain injury disrupts core mechanisms of online language processing and use.

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior·2026
Same author

Is that true? Examining the effects of question wording on the effectiveness of political fact checks.

Journal of experimental psychology. Applied·2025
Same journal

Pronoun Resolution in Turkish: The Interplay of Referential Form, Word Order, and Implicit Causality.

Cognitive science·2026
Same journal

What's in a Color?: Language, Synesthesia, and Categorical Perception.

Cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Reasoning Beyond Explicit Rules: Adults' and Children's Use of Closure Principles in Novel Cases.

Cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Intermediary Object States Are Activated by Sentences Describing Completed Events.

Cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Large Language Models Estimate Fine-Grained Human Color-Concept Associations.

Cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Computational Models of Causal Reasoning: Bayesian Accounts of Normative Violations.

Cognitive science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

11.0K

Referential Form and Memory for the Discourse History.

Si On Yoon1, Aaron S Benjamin2, Sarah Brown-Schmidt3

  • 1Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Iowa.

Cognitive Science
|April 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physical context influences how we talk about things. This study shows that contextual cues shape our understanding of past conversations, impacting current language use and leading to differing memories between speakers and listeners.

Keywords:
ContextDiscourse historyLanguage productionLexical differentiationMemoryRecognitionReference

More Related Videos

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

34.7K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 8, 2025

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

11.0K
Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

34.7K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Discourse Analysis

Background:

  • Language use is influenced by both immediate physical context and discourse history.
  • The specific aspects of discourse history relevant to present language use remain an area of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how physical contextual cues shape perceptions of relevant discourse history.
  • To investigate the role of these perceptions in language production, specifically the modification of referring expressions.
  • To explore how conversational partners form representations of discourse history.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments combining task-based conversation with recognition memory measures.
  • Manipulation of physical cues (background, picture position) to alter perceived discourse context.
  • Analysis of referring expression modification rates and recognition memory for referents and contexts.

Main Results:

  • Contextual grouping cues (background, position) significantly shaped speakers' perceptions of the relevant discourse context.
  • These cues influenced the rate at which speakers modified referring expressions to differentiate current from past referents.
  • Contextual cues did not impact memory for referents, but speakers generally had better memory for past referents than listeners.

Conclusions:

  • Perceptions of relevant discourse history are a key determinant of immediate language use.
  • Conversational partners develop asymmetric representations of discourse history, with speakers retaining more information about referents.