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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 8, 2025

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
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Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

Published on: April 12, 2019

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Update on Osteosarcoma.

Rebekah Belayneh1, Mitchell S Fourman1, Sumail Bhogal1

  • 1Division of Orthopaedic Oncology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Current Oncology Reports
|April 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteosarcoma (OSA) treatment has plateaued despite chemotherapy advances. New research explores precision surgery, inhaled chemotherapy, and immunomodulators to improve outcomes for this common childhood bone cancer.

Keywords:
Aerosolized chemotherapyAldehyde dehydrogenaseChimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapyDoxorubicinGD2 inhibitionGemcitabineIndocyanine greenLimb salvageMetastasisMethotrexateNear-infrared imagingOsteosarcomaPazopanibPediatric sarcomaSorafenib

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Intratibial Osteosarcoma Cell Injection to Generate Orthotopic Osteosarcoma and Lung Metastasis Mouse Models
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most frequent primary bone tumor in children and adolescents.
  • Current treatments, including neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, have improved survival but efficacy has stagnated since the 1980s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in surgical and systemic therapies for osteosarcoma.
  • To highlight emerging preclinical and clinical modalities for OSA treatment and prognostication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on surgical and systemic therapies for osteosarcoma.
  • Discussion of novel approaches including precision surgery, inhaled chemotherapy, and immunomodulators.
  • Exploration of preclinical research into new treatment strategies and prognostic markers.

Main Results:

  • Chemotherapy has significantly improved OSA outcomes, but a plateau in efficacy has been observed.
  • Emerging strategies focus on increasing pulmonary drug concentration via inhaled chemotherapy to minimize systemic toxicity.
  • Novel immunomodulators are being investigated to target molecular pathways driving OSA proliferation and metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Despite past successes, sustained improvement in osteosarcoma treatment outcomes requires novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Precision surgery, advanced chemotherapy delivery systems, and immunotherapies represent promising avenues for future OSA treatment.
  • Continued research into preclinical and clinical modalities is essential to overcome the current treatment plateau and improve patient survival.