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Nickel catalysts in Sonogashira coupling reactions
Pravya P Nair1, Rose Mary Philip, Gopinathan Anilkumar
1Institute for Integrated programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS), Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
Nickel complexes are effective catalysts for Sonogashira coupling reactions, offering a sustainable alternative to palladium. This review details their use in synthesizing biologically relevant molecules via C(sp)-C(sp2) and C(sp)-C(sp3) couplings.
Area of Science:
- Organic Chemistry
- Catalysis
- Green Chemistry
Background:
- Palladium is traditionally used in Sonogashira coupling reactions.
- Nickel offers a more abundant, less toxic, and highly active alternative.
- Nickel-catalyzed couplings are crucial for synthesizing biologically relevant molecules.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the catalytic potential and mechanistic insights of nickel complexes in Sonogashira coupling reactions.
- To cover both homogeneous and heterogeneous nickel-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling strategies.
- To highlight the applications in synthesizing and modifying biologically relevant molecules.
Main Methods:
- Review of homogeneous catalytic systems (Ni-phosphorus, Ni-nitrogen, ligand-free, carbonylative coupling).
- Discussion of heterogeneous catalytic systems (supported Ni complexes, Ni nanoparticles, Pd-Ni bimetallic catalysts).
- Comprehensive literature survey up to 2020.
Main Results:
- Nickel complexes effectively catalyze C(sp)-C(sp2) and C(sp)-C(sp3) Sonogashira couplings.
- Diverse homogeneous and heterogeneous nickel-based catalytic systems have been developed.
- Nickel catalysts demonstrate significant potential in organic synthesis.
Conclusions:
- Nickel is a viable and advantageous substitute for palladium in Sonogashira couplings.
- Nickel-catalyzed Sonogashira reactions offer versatile strategies for complex molecule synthesis.
- This review provides a comprehensive overview of nickel-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling up to 2020.
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