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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Microorganisms are routinely cultured in the laboratory using various techniques to isolate, grow, and quantify them for further study. These methods rely on inoculating microorganisms into a suitable growth medium under aseptic conditions to prevent contamination. Depending on the objective, inoculation can involve direct transfer or the use of diluted bacterial suspensions as the inoculum.Streak-Plate Method for IsolationThe streak-plate method is a common technique for obtaining pure...
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Bacteriophages: from Isolation to Application

Abdallah Abdelsattar1,2, Alyaa Dawoud1, Salsabil Makky1

  • 1Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12578, Egypt.

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
|April 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteriophages (phages) offer a promising alternative to antibiotics for combating bacterial infections. This review assesses phage applications, characterization methods, and computational genome analysis, highlighting knowledge gaps and guiding research.

Keywords:
Bacteriophagebacteriophage purificationbioinformatic toolselectron microscopyfoodborne illnesses.phage annotationphage applicationsphage isolationphage therapyprophagevirion

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance necessitates alternative antimicrobial strategies.
  • Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria and show high specificity.
  • Phages have diverse applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review phage application pipelines and characterization techniques.
  • To critically assess computational approaches for phage genome analysis.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and provide insights for phage research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of phage isolation, purification, and amplification techniques.
  • Analysis of phage characterization methods including microscopy and inactivation tests.
  • Evaluation of computational tools for phage genome analysis.

Main Results:

  • Various methods exist for phage handling, each with pros and cons.
  • Microscopy and genomic analysis offer detailed insights into phage structure, behavior, and safety.
  • Computational approaches are crucial for understanding phage history, lifestyle, and potential risks.

Conclusions:

  • Phage therapy and biocontrol require robust characterization and safety assessments.
  • Computational genome analysis is vital for evaluating phage suitability.
  • Further research is needed to address current knowledge gaps in phage applications.