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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
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Optometry in Nepal: a historical perspective.

Safal Khanal1, Nabin Paudel2, Mahesh Raj Joshi3

  • 1School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.

Clinical & Experimental Optometry
|April 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optometry education in Nepal has advanced significantly since 1998, evolving from a three-year to a four-year curriculum. Professional development includes regulatory integration and the establishment of optometric associations.

Keywords:
Historical perspectivesNepalOptometry

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry Education
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Optometry education in Nepal commenced in 1998 to address critical eye health needs.
  • The field has progressed over two decades, expanding educational programs and professional infrastructure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the historical establishment and evolution of optometry education in Nepal.
  • To highlight key advancements in optometric training and professional development.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of optometry program development.
  • Analysis of professional organizational growth and regulatory integration.

Main Results:

  • Transition from a 3-year to a 4-year curriculum, with increased student enrollment.
  • Establishment of the Nepalese Association of Optometrists and integration into the Nepal Health Professional Council.
  • Development of a code of ethics and minimum degree requirements.

Conclusions:

  • Optometry in Nepal has demonstrated substantial growth in education and professional standing.
  • These developments are crucial for improving eye health and vision care services nationwide.