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The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 7, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing a Microfluidic Lung-on-Chip Model for In-Depth Study of Human Immune Response and Infection Mechanisms

Author Spotlight: Developing a Microfluidic Lung-on-Chip Model for In-Depth Study of Human Immune Response and Infection Mechanisms

Published on: May 31, 2024

In Vitro Models for Studying Respiratory Host-Pathogen Interactions.

Sarah L Barron^1,2, Janire Saez², Róisín M Owens²

¹Bioassay Impurities and Quality, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GP, UK.

Advanced Biology

|May 4, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

In vitro models are crucial for studying respiratory diseases and infections, offering a better alternative to animal studies. This review explores advanced models for understanding lung host-pathogen interactions.

Keywords:

host-pathogens immunology in vitro models infection lungs pathogens respiratory system

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Published on: January 13, 2016

Area of Science:

Pulmonology and infectious disease research.
Development of advanced in vitro models for respiratory studies.

Background:

Respiratory diseases and infections are leading global causes of death, with significant socio-economic impact.
In vitro models are increasingly important due to ethical concerns, poor translation of animal studies, and clinical trial limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the biological and immunological factors regulating the respiratory epithelium in health, disease, and infection.
To provide an overview of the evolution of in vitro models for studying respiratory host-pathogen interactions.
To present current limitations and future directions in respiratory in vitro modeling.

Main Methods:

Literature review of biological and immunological components of the respiratory system.
Analysis of the progression from 2D to 3D cell culture and integrated technological models.
Examination of models for respiratory host-pathogen interactions.

Main Results:

The respiratory epithelium's regulation involves complex biological and immunological components.
In vitro models have evolved from simple 2D cultures to sophisticated 3D and integrated systems.
Advanced models are essential for accurate study of respiratory host-pathogen interactions.

Conclusions:

In vitro models are vital for advancing respiratory disease and infection research.
Further development of sophisticated in vitro models is needed to overcome current limitations.
This review serves as a reference for understanding in vitro modeling requirements in respiratory research.