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Related Concept Videos

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 6, 2025

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material
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Printable PICN Composite Mechanically Compatible with Human Teeth.

M K Sodeyama1,2, H Ikeda2, Y Nagamatsu2

  • 1Division of Oral Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Department of Oral Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.

Journal of Dental Research
|May 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new 3D-printable polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) composite for dental restorations. The 3D-printed PICN composite demonstrates mechanical properties similar to human teeth, offering a promising alternative to traditional methods.

Keywords:
3D printadditive manufacturingmechanical compatibilitymechanical propertiesnanocompositerestorative materials

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dental Materials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) composites offer mechanical compatibility with human enamel, making them suitable for dental restorations.
  • Current fabrication methods for PICN composites rely on computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) milling, with limited success in 3D printing.
  • Developing 3D-printable PICN composites is crucial for advancing dental restorative material fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel 3D-printable polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) composite for dental restorative applications.
  • To characterize the microstructure, mechanical properties, and physicochemical properties of the 3D-printed PICN composite.
  • To evaluate the potential of the 3D-printed PICN composite as a viable alternative to CAD/CAM milled materials.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 3D-printable precursor slurry with a high concentration of silica nanoparticles.
  • Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of the precursor slurry.
  • Sintering to create a nano-porous ceramic skeleton, followed by resin monomer infiltration and polymerization.
  • Characterization of mechanical properties (Vickers hardness, elastic modulus, flexural strength), microstructure, inorganic content, physicochemical properties, and shrinkage.

Main Results:

  • A nano-sized dual-network structure of silica skeleton with infiltrated resin was achieved in the 3D-printed PICN composites.
  • The 3D-printed PICN composite exhibited Vickers hardness similar to enamel and elastic modulus similar to dentin.
  • Comparable flexural strength (>100 MPa) to CAD/CAM blocks, acceptable water sorption/solubility, and isotropic shrinkage without deformation were observed.
  • The 3D-printed model-crown demonstrated successful fabrication with desirable properties.

Conclusions:

  • A 3D-printable PICN composite was successfully developed using SLA and post-processing techniques.
  • The developed material exhibits mechanical properties comparable to human dental tissues and existing CAD/CAM materials.
  • This 3D-printable PICN composite shows significant potential as an advanced dental restorative material.