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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
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Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses
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Resolving inflammation by TAM receptor activation.

Juliana P Vago1, Flávio A Amaral2, Fons A J van de Loo1

  • 1Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Pharmacology & Therapeutics
|May 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) are crucial for resolving inflammation. Their activation reduces pro-inflammatory signals and promotes anti-inflammatory molecules, aiding tissue repair.

Keywords:
Anti-inflammationEfferocytosisGas6Pros1Resolution of inflammationTAM receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Inflammation control is vital for tissue homeostasis and preventing chronic diseases.
  • Defects in inflammatory regulation are linked to autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions.
  • The TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) are known for their role in efferocytosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the TAM receptor family's role in inflammation.
  • To highlight the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions of TAM receptor activation.
  • To underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting TAM receptors for inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current research on TAM receptors and inflammation.
  • It examines the molecular mechanisms underlying TAM receptor signaling in immune cells.
  • The review analyzes studies demonstrating TAM receptor-mediated regulation of inflammatory mediators.

Main Results:

  • TAM receptor activation actively suppresses pro-inflammatory mediator synthesis.
  • TAM receptors promote the production of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving molecules.
  • These actions contribute significantly to the resolution of inflammation and restoration of homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • TAM receptor tyrosine kinases are key regulators of inflammatory responses.
  • Their dual action of reducing inflammation and promoting resolution makes them critical for tissue repair.
  • Targeting TAM receptors offers a promising strategy for managing chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.