Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

869
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
869
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.7K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
1.7K
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

1.6K
MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
1.6K
Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

669
Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...
669
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

13.5K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
13.5K
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

5.6K
Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
5.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Therapeutic immune tolerance for central nervous system autoimmune diseases - Prospects, challenges and pitfalls.

Seminars in immunology·2026
Same author

Distinct Clinico-pathogenic Subgroups in Pediatric Lyme Neuroborreliosis.

Open forum infectious diseases·2026
Same author

Anoctamin-2-specific T cells link Epstein-Barr virus to multiple sclerosis.

Cell·2026
Same author

EBV infection and HLA-DR15 jointly drive multiple sclerosis by myelin peptide presentation.

Cell·2026
Same author

Protocol for the characterization of autoproliferating B and T cells from persons with multiple sclerosis.

STAR protocols·2025
Same author

HLA Ligand Atlas DIA: extending the benign immunopeptidomics resource with increased sensitivity through data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry.

Journal for immunotherapy of cancer·2025
Same journal

Reading another hidden message in the genetic code.

Trends in genetics : TIG·2026
Same journal

The future of marsupial gene editing: What's in the (tool) pouch?

Trends in genetics : TIG·2026
Same journal

Genetic suppressors as new therapeutic targets for Mendelian diseases.

Trends in genetics : TIG·2026
Same journal

Beyond housekeeping: snRNA diversity, regulation, and human disease.

Trends in genetics : TIG·2026
Same journal

Rethinking mitochondrial metabolism: Intraindividual variability meets population constraints.

Trends in genetics : TIG·2026
Same journal

A role for epigenetics in rapid adaptation.

Trends in genetics : TIG·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
05:44

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.7K

Multiple sclerosis: doubling down on MHC.

Roland Martin1, Mireia Sospedra1, Thomas Eiermann2

  • 1Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, Neurology Clinic, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|May 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR15 haplotype is linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. Recent findings highlight the functional role of both genes within the HLA-DR15 haplotype in MS pathogenesis and potential therapies.

More Related Videos

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord
10:44

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Published on: February 22, 2015

10.5K
Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research
05:55

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

1.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
05:44

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.7K
Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord
10:44

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Published on: February 22, 2015

10.5K
Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research
05:55

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

1.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Neuroimmunology

Background:

  • Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules present peptides to T lymphocytes, crucial for adaptive immunity.
  • Specific HLA alleles are associated with autoimmune disease genetic risk, including multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • A link between the HLA-DR15 haplotype and MS has been known since the 1970s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the complexities in understanding the HLA-DR15 association with MS.
  • To review recent findings on the functional roles of genes within the HLA-DR15 haplotype in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and genetic association studies.
  • Analysis of functional data implicating HLA-DR15 genes in MS pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • The association of HLA-DR15 with MS is complex and involves more than a single gene.
  • Recent research indicates the functional involvement of a second gene within the HLA-DR15 haplotype.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the detailed role of the HLA-DR15 haplotype is vital for elucidating MS pathomechanisms.
  • This knowledge is critical for developing targeted, antigen-specific therapies for MS.