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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...

Biasing of P-N Junction

Biasing of P-N Junction

The operation of a p-n junction diode involves various biasing conditions, including forward bias, reverse bias, and equilibrium.
In equilibrium, no external voltage is applied across the p-n junction. The depletion region is formed at the junction interface due to the diffusion of carriers, which leaves behind charged dopants, acceptors on the p-side, and donors on the n-side. These immobile charges create an electric field that prevents further diffusion of carriers. The related energy band...

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Magnetic Field Due to Two Straight Wires

Consider two parallel straight wires carrying a current of 10 A and 20 A in the same direction and separated by a distance of 20 cm. Calculate the magnetic field at a point "P2", midway between the wires. Also, evaluate the magnetic field when the direction of the current is reversed in the second wire.

Induced Electric Dipoles

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Published on: March 24, 2019

Supra-Binary Polarization in a Ferroelectric Nanowire.

Wentao Xu^1,2, Lihua Wang³, David ChangMo Yang³

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|May 24, 2021

Summary

Researchers discovered ferroelectric nanowires (FNWs) exhibiting four polarization states, enabling quaternary-digit data storage. This moves beyond traditional binary ferroelectricity for novel electronic devices.

Keywords:

Landau-Ginzburg theory ferroelectric nanowires field-effect transistors graphene nanoribbons quaternary polarization switching

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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

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Last Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Published on: March 24, 2019

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Published on: April 12, 2018

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Conventional ferroelectric materials exhibit binary polarization (up/down).
Ferroelectric Nanowires (FNWs) offer unique properties due to their geometry.
Anisotropic electric fields can influence polarization states in nanostructures.

Purpose of the Study:

To predict and observe supra-binary polarization in a ferroelectric nanowire.
To investigate gate-voltage-driven polarization transitions.
To explore novel data storage mechanisms beyond binary.

Main Methods:

Theoretical prediction and experimental observation of polarization states.
Utilizing a semicylindrical gate to create an anisotropic electric field in FNWs.
Fabricating and testing Ferroelectric Nanowire-Graphene Nanoribbon (FNW-GNR) transistors.

Main Results:

Observed four distinct polarization states: vertical-up, vertical-down, radial-in, and radial-out.
Demonstrated gate-voltage-driven transitions between these states.
Induction of exotic current-voltage hysteresis in FNW-GNR transistors.

Conclusions:

The interplay of depolarization energy and anisotropic electric fields dictates supra-binary polarization.
This work enables intrinsic quaternary-digit information manipulation.
New operating mechanisms for ferroelectric devices and data storage are proposed.