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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
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Immune Responses in Patients with COVID-19: An Overview.

Deepak Kamat, Aarti Kamat, Ambika Mathur

    Pediatric Annals
    |May 28, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study examines immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), focusing on protective immunity and viral immune escape mechanisms. Understanding these immune differences may lead to new biotherapeutics for COVID-19.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Virology
    • Infectious Diseases

    Background:

    • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic with millions of infections and deaths.
    • Immune responses play a critical role in determining COVID-19 severity, ranging from mild illness to fatal outcomes.
    • Variations in immune responses are observed between children and adults, influencing disease progression.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review current knowledge on immune responses conferring protection against SARS-CoV-2.
    • To explore mechanisms of viral immune escape in severe and fatal COVID-19 cases.
    • To understand differential immune responses in children versus adults for therapeutic development.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on SARS-CoV-2 immunology.

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  • Analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses in different patient groups.
  • Identification of immune evasion strategies employed by the virus.

    • Main Results:

    • Over 80% of infected individuals develop protective immunity.
    • Specific immune escape mechanisms contribute to severe disease and mortality.
    • Significant differences exist in innate and adaptive immunity between children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding immune response variations is key to combating COVID-19.
    • Targeting immune modulation could lead to effective biotherapeutic treatments.
    • Biotherapeutics may protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent severe outcomes.