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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Updated: Nov 4, 2025

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Theranostics in Thyroid Cancer.

Friederike Eilsberger¹, Andreas Pfestroff¹

¹University Hospital Marburg, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.

|May 31, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The sodium-iodine symporter (NIS) is key for thyroid cancer theranostics, enabling congruent diagnosis and treatment with iodine isotopes. Other targets like somatostatin receptors and PSMA offer options for refractory or advanced thyroid cancers.

Keywords:

I-131 Radioiodine Sodium-iodine symporter Thyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

Nuclear medicine
Oncology
Radiopharmaceutical therapy

Background:

The sodium-iodine symporter (NIS) is a primary target for thyroid cancer theranostics, utilized clinically for over 70 years.
The identical kinetics of iodine isotopes (123I, 124I, 131I) facilitate congruent theranostic approaches in differentiated thyroid cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of NIS in thyroid cancer theranostics.
To explore alternative targeting strategies beyond NIS for various thyroid cancer subtypes.

Main Methods:

Literature review of NIS-based theranostics in thyroid cancer.
Analysis of emerging theranostic targets such as somatostatin receptors and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).

Main Results:

NIS enables congruent theranostics in differentiated thyroid cancer due to consistent iodine nuclide kinetics.
Somatostatin receptors and PSMA show potential for targeting radioiodine-refractory, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancers.

Conclusions:

NIS remains a cornerstone for thyroid cancer theranostics, offering integrated diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities.
Targeting somatostatin receptors and PSMA expands theranostic options for challenging thyroid cancer cases, improving treatment potential.