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Intestinal Calcium Absorption.

Kannikar Wongdee1,2, Krittikan Chanpaisaeng2,3, Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit2,4

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Mammalian intestinal calcium absorption is vital for metabolism and bone health. This process involves complex transcellular and paracellular pathways regulated by vitamin D and other factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Intestinal calcium absorption is crucial for maintaining calcium homeostasis, essential for metabolic functions and bone mineralization in mammals.
  • Dietary calcium uptake occurs through both regulated transcellular and passive paracellular routes within the intestinal epithelium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms governing mammalian intestinal calcium absorption under normal physiological conditions.
  • To discuss the hormonal and local factors influencing calcium transport across the intestinal lining.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on intestinal calcium transport mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the roles of key regulators like 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, parathyroid hormone, and others.
  • Examination of segmental differences in the small and large intestine regarding calcium absorption.

Main Results:

  • Identified saturable transcellular and nonsaturable paracellular pathways for calcium absorption.
  • Highlighted the regulatory roles of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, parathyroid hormone, prolactin, 17β-estradiol, calcitonin, and FGF-23.
  • Described segmental heterogeneity in calcium absorption rates, transporter expression (TRPV6, calbindin-D9k), and influencing factors (pH, luminal contents).

Conclusions:

  • Mammalian intestinal calcium absorption is a complex, regulated process involving multiple pathways and factors.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to addressing calcium-related metabolic and skeletal disorders.
  • Further research into less-understood pathways like vesicular transport may offer new insights.