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Updated: Nov 3, 2025

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires
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Stretchable Carbon and Silver Inks for Wearable Applications.

Andrew Claypole1,2, James Claypole1, Liam Kilduff2

  • 1Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 2, 2021
PubMed
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Researchers developed a highly stretchable, conductive ink for wearable electronics using carbon black and graphite nanoplatelets in a polyurethane resin. This ink maintains electrical conductivity even when stretched to over 300%, outperforming silver-based inks.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Wearable electronics require flexible, stretchable conductive materials for seamless garment integration.
  • Existing conductive inks often lack the durability and stretchability needed for dynamic movement.
  • Consistent electrical performance under mechanical strain is crucial for reliable wearable devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly stretchable and conductive screen-printable ink for wearable electronics.
  • To evaluate the electromechanical performance of a novel carbon-based ink compared to silver-based inks.
  • To assess the ink's ability to maintain electrical conductivity under significant mechanical strain and cyclic loading.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a conductive ink by combining Carbon Black (CB) and ammonia plasma functionalized Graphite Nanoplatelets (GNPs) within a Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) resin.
Keywords:
carbon inkcyclic loadinggraphite nanoplateletprinted electronicsstretchable inkswearables

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  • Screen-printing the developed ink onto flexible substrates.
  • Testing the ink's stretchability to substrate failure (>300% nominal strain) and cyclic strain performance up to 100%.
  • Measuring electrical conductivity changes under varying mechanical strains.
  • Comparing the performance of the carbon-based ink against a screen-printable silver ink control.

    • Main Results:

    • The CB/GNP/TPU ink demonstrated exceptional stretchability, exceeding 300% nominal strain, and maintained electrical conductivity during cyclic strains up to 100%.
    • The carbon-based ink exhibited consistent electrical performance after initial plastic deformation and nano-carbon alignment.
    • The silver ink control lost conductivity at 166% nominal strain, failing before the substrate reached its failure point, due to loss of inter-flake contact.

    Conclusions:

    • A scalable, cost-effective, and highly stretchable conductive ink suitable for wearable electronic applications was successfully developed.
    • The novel carbon-based ink offers superior electromechanical performance and durability compared to traditional silver-based inks for stretchable electronics.
    • This advancement paves the way for more robust and integrated wearable technology in textiles.