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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

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A Role for Trunk Function in Elite Recumbent Handcycling Performance?

Rafael Muchaxo1,2, Sonja De Groot1,2,3, Ingrid Kouwijzer2,4,5

  • 1Faculty of Behavioural and Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Journal of Sports Sciences
|June 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Trunk function is considered in handcycling classification, but this study found no significant link between trunk strength and recumbent performance in athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI). This suggests trunk flexion may not be a key performance factor for these athletes.

Keywords:
Para-cyclingaverage velocityparalympic classificationsprint testtime trialtrunk strength

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Paralympic Sports

Background:

  • Handcycling classification systems often consider trunk function.
  • Limited scientific evidence exists on the specific role of trunk function in recumbent handcycling performance.
  • Athletes without upper-limb impairments (H3-H4 sport classes) are the focus, as trunk function is more relevant for them.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between trunk function and recumbent handcycling performance.
  • To determine if trunk flexion strength is a significant determinant of performance in handcyclists with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  • To provide evidence for classification and training in para-athletics.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 528 time-trial results from 81 handcyclists with SCI (2014-2020).
  • Statistical analysis using multilevel regression to compare performance across different SCI levels, controlling for covariates.
  • Direct measurement of trunk flexion strength in 26 handcyclists using a dynamometer and correlation analysis with performance metrics (sprint power, time-trial velocity).

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in average time-trial velocity were found among different SCI groups.
  • Trunk flexion strength showed weak to moderate, non-significant correlations with performance measures (e.g., time-trial speed: rs = 0.36, p = 0.07).
  • Both retrospective and direct measurement analyses indicated trunk strength does not significantly impact recumbent handcycling performance in this population.

Conclusions:

  • Trunk flexion strength does not appear to be a significant factor influencing recumbent handcycling performance in athletes with SCI and no upper-limb impairments.
  • Current classification systems may need to re-evaluate the emphasis on trunk function for these athletes.
  • Further research could explore other physiological or biomechanical factors affecting handcycling performance.