Oxygen Recombination Probability Data for Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition of SiO₂ and TiO₂

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) can provide nanometer-thin films with excellent conformality on demanding three-dimensional (3D) substrates. This also holds for plasma-assisted ALD, provided that the loss of reactive radicals through surface recombination is sufficiently low. In this work, we determine the surface recombination probability r of oxygen radicals during plasma ALD of SiO₂ and TiO₂ for substrate temperatures from 100 to ∼240 °C and plasma pressures from 12 to 130 mTorr (for SiO₂). For both processes, the determined values of r are very low, i.e., ∼10^-4 or lower, and decrease with temperature and pressure down to ∼10^-5 within the studied ranges. Accordingly, deposition on trench structures with aspect ratios (ARs) of <200 is typically not significantly limited by recombination and obtaining excellent film conformality is relatively facile. For higher AR values, e.g., approaching 1000, the plasma time needed to reach saturation increases exponentially and becomes increasingly dependent on the process conditions and the corresponding value of r. Similar dependence on process conditions can be present for plasma ALD of other materials as well, where, in certain cases, film growth is already recombination-limited for AR values of ∼10. Radical recombination data and trends as provided by this work are valuable for optimizing plasma ALD throughput and feasibility for high-AR applications and can also serve as input for modeling of radical recombination mechanisms.