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Related Concept Videos

Carbocations02:10

Carbocations

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Carbocations are one of the reaction intermediates formed during several nucleophilic substitutions or elimination reactions. A carbocation is an electron-deficient species with the central carbon atom having six electrons and three bonded atoms. The central carbon in a carbocation is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar geometry. It has an empty p orbital perpendicular to the plane of the structure that can accept electrons. Thus, carbocations act as strong electrophiles and may react with any...
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
2.0K
P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

789
A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
789
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

2.3K
Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
2.3K
Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

606
The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
606
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.6K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 3, 2025

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Photo-induced carbocation-enhanced charge transport in single-molecule junctions.

Zhongwu Bei1, Yuan Huang1, Yangwei Chen1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 China.

Chemical Science
|June 7, 2021
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Summary

Researchers demonstrated photo-induced carbocation-enhanced charge transport in triphenylmethane junctions. This breakthrough enables reversible, light-controlled switching in single-molecule devices with high ON-OFF ratios.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular electronics
  • Photochemistry
  • Single-molecule devices

Background:

  • Triphenylmethane molecules can form carbocations.
  • Charge transport in molecular junctions is crucial for electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate photo-induced charge transport enhancement in triphenylmethane junctions.
  • To explore carbocation formation for molecular switching applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STM-BJ) technique.
  • Performed theoretical calculations to understand electronic properties.

Main Results:

  • Observed up to 1.5 orders of magnitude increase in electrical conductance.
  • Demonstrated stable carbocation states lasting over 7 days.
  • Achieved light-induced reversible conductance switching with high ON-OFF ratios.

Conclusions:

  • Photo-induced carbocations significantly enhance charge transport in molecular junctions.
  • This mechanism is promising for developing optoelectronic and single-molecule devices.
  • Further research is encouraged for carbocation-based device applications.