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Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
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Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera
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Radiocaesium in the environment of Fukushima.

H Tsukada1

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|June 14, 2021
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Summary

Ten years after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, environmental 137Cs levels have significantly decreased. This reduction in radioactive cesium minimizes radiation dose to humans and ecosystems.

Keywords:
AtmosphereIrrigation waterMarineRadiation dose exposureRiceSoilWild animal

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Nuclear Chemistry
  • Radiation Biology

Background:

  • The 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident released significant amounts of radioactive isotopes, primarily Cesium-137 (137Cs).
  • A decade later, 80% of the released 137Cs remains in the environment, necessitating ongoing monitoring and assessment of its impact.

Discussion:

  • Radioactive cesium transfer to biota (plants, animals, humans) is declining due to natural attenuation, soil remediation, and potassium application.
  • Atmospheric 137Cs concentrations have drastically reduced, making inhalation dose negligible.
  • 137Cs levels in agricultural plants and wild animals are decreasing, with seasonal variations noted in wild boars.

Key Insights:

  • Environmental 137Cs activity concentrations have significantly decreased across air, soil, water, and biota.
  • The overall radiation dose from residual 137Cs is now below 1 mSv.
  • Biota-specific transfer rates of 137Cs are diminishing over time.

Outlook:

  • Continued monitoring of 137Cs in the environment is crucial, particularly in wild ecosystems and food chains.
  • Further research into long-term ecological effects and remediation strategies may be warranted.
  • The diminishing 137Cs levels suggest a gradual recovery of affected environments.