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Related Concept Videos

Mechanical Characteristics of Steel01:18

Mechanical Characteristics of Steel

834
The mechanical characteristics of steel are assessed through various tests that evaluate its strength, toughness, and flexibility. These tests include tension, torsion, impact, bending, and hardness assessments, each providing crucial information about steel's suitability for specific applications.
The tension test is fundamental for determining tensile strength. In this test, a steel specimen is stretched using a gripping device until it breaks. The data collected during this test are used...
834
Fatigue01:21

Fatigue

322
Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...
322
Corrosion of Reinforcement01:27

Corrosion of Reinforcement

336
The corrosion of steel reinforcement within concrete is a process influenced by the material's inherent properties and external factors. The high pH level of around 13, provided by calcium hydroxide present in concrete, initially protects the steel reinforcement by promoting the formation of a passive iron oxide layer on its surface.
However, over time and under certain conditions like carbonation, chloride ingress, and cracking this protective state can be compromised. Steel has areas with...
336
Steel Fastening Techniques01:17

Steel Fastening Techniques

349
Steel sections can be joined together through various fastening techniques including riveting, bolting, and welding, each suitable for different structural requirements and conditions.
Rivets are cylindrical steel fasteners with a specially designed head. During application, rivets are heated until white-hot and then inserted through pre-drilled holes in the steel sections. A pneumatic hammer is used to shape the exposed end into a second head, securing the sections together.
Bolting is another...
349
Residual Stresses01:26

Residual Stresses

342
Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
342
Steel Manufacturing01:26

Steel Manufacturing

952
Steel manufacturing is a multi-stage process that begins by smelting iron ore into cast iron in a blast furnace. This initial stage involves layering iron ore with coke, a type of fuel, and crushed limestone within the furnace. The coke is ignited with a high volume of air, leading to the creation of carbon monoxide, which acts to reduce the iron ore to pure iron.
During this smelting process, limestone plays a crucial role by forming slag. Slag captures impurities within the molten iron, such...
952

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Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water
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Hydrogen embrittlement in ferritic steels.

May L Martin1, Matthew J Connolly1, Frank W DelRio1

  • 1Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.

Applied Physics Reviews
|June 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Safe hydrogen energy relies on understanding hydrogen embrittlement in ferritic steels. New research reviews advancements in experimental tools and modeling to improve structure-property-performance insights for steel used in hydrogen environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Hydrogen Energy
  • Corrosion Engineering

Background:

  • Hydrogen is vital for clean energy, necessitating safe storage and transport.
  • Hydrogen embrittlement of ferritic steels remains a significant challenge.
  • Understanding hydrogen-material interactions is crucial for developing robust energy systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding ferritic steel embrittlement in hydrogen environments.
  • To highlight improved insights into structure-property-performance relationships.
  • To consolidate knowledge on hydrogen sorption, diffusion, and interactions in steels.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent experimental tools and multi-scale modeling.
  • Analysis of hydrogen sorption, dissociation, diffusion, and steel interactions.
  • Investigation of tensile, fracture, and fatigue properties under varying test conditions and hydrogen pressures.

Main Results:

  • New methods enhance understanding of ferritic steel behavior in hydrogen.
  • Effects of test conditions and hydrogen pressure on material properties are detailed.
  • Embrittlement mechanisms and insights from advanced experiments are presented.

Conclusions:

  • Recent advancements offer improved understanding of hydrogen embrittlement in ferritic steels.
  • Further research is needed to address remaining challenges in hydrogen storage materials.
  • Optimized material performance in hydrogen environments is key for clean energy infrastructure.