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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

28.7K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.9K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Defect Engineering on Carbon-Based Catalysts for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Dongping Xue1, Huicong Xia1, Wenfu Yan2

  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.

Nano-Micro Letters
|June 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Defective carbon nanomaterials enhance electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction (ECR) by improving catalyst activity and stability. This review explores defect engineering for high-performance ECR catalysts.

Keywords:
Carbon-based nanomaterialsElectrocatalytic CO2 reductionHeteroatom doping defectsIntrinsic defectsMetal atomic sites

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction (ECR) is crucial for carbon cycle management and renewable energy storage.
  • Current ECR catalysts face challenges in stability, activity, and selectivity.
  • Defective carbon-based nanomaterials offer a promising strategy to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in constructing diverse defects in carbon materials for ECR.
  • To elucidate the structure-activity relationships and catalytic mechanisms of these defective materials.
  • To discuss challenges, opportunities, and future directions for high-performance ECR catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing research on intrinsic carbon defects, heteroatom doping, metal atomic sites, and edge defects.
  • Analyzing structure-activity relationships and catalytic mechanisms.
  • Reviewing current challenges and future prospects in the field.

Main Results:

  • Defects in carbon materials, including intrinsic, heteroatom, metal atomic sites, and edge defects, significantly impact ECR performance.
  • Understanding the interplay between defect types and ECR activity is key to catalyst design.
  • Engineered defects can lead to improved catalyst stability, activity, and selectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Defect engineering in carbon nanomaterials is a viable strategy for developing advanced ECR catalysts.
  • Further research into defect types and their catalytic mechanisms will drive innovation in CO2 utilization.
  • This review provides insights for designing next-generation, high-performance electrocatalysts for ECR.