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A Dual-branch Network with Cross-scale Feature Interaction and Alignment for Weakly Supervised Whole Slide Image

Jianan Zhang, Hangbei Cheng, Xueyu Liu

    IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
    |June 10, 2026
    PubMed
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    This study introduces FIA-MIL, a novel dual-branch network for whole slide images (WSIs) analysis. The method enhances computer-aided diagnosis by effectively capturing hierarchical information and dependencies in WSIs using cross-scale feature interaction and alignment.

    Area of Science:

    • Computational pathology
    • Digital pathology
    • Medical image analysis

    Background:

    • Whole slide images (WSIs) analysis is crucial for computer-aided diagnosis.
    • Weakly supervised multiple instance learning (MIL) is widely used for WSI processing due to the lack of pixel-level annotations.
    • Existing MIL methods often fail to fully utilize the pyramidal structure of WSIs and capture inter-instance dependencies and local context.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose FIA-MIL, a dual-branch network for weakly supervised WSI analysis.
    • To address limitations in capturing hierarchical information and inter-instance dependencies in current MIL approaches.
    • To improve the performance of WSI analysis by incorporating cross-scale feature interaction and alignment.

    Main Methods:

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  • Developed FIA-MIL, a dual-branch network integrating cross-scale feature interaction and alignment.
  • Employed a dual-scale feature interaction module with Transformer encoders to model semantic relationships across magnifications and capture instance-level dependencies.
  • Utilized a dual-scale feature aggregation module with alignment constraints for multi-scale feature integration and semantic consistency.
  • Main Results:

    • The proposed FIA-MIL method demonstrated promising performance in classification and survival analysis tasks.
    • Experiments were conducted on publicly available whole slide images datasets.
    • The method effectively leverages the pyramidal structure and captures hierarchical information within WSIs.

    Conclusions:

    • FIA-MIL offers an effective approach for weakly supervised whole slide images analysis.
    • The dual-branch network architecture with cross-scale feature interaction and alignment improves the capture of hierarchical information and dependencies.
    • The proposed method shows potential for advancing computer-aided diagnosis in digital pathology.