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Updated: Oct 31, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
Published on: January 17, 2018
Endoscopic Endonasal Orbital Apex Decompression for Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Noah Shaikh1, Anthony Leonard2, Caitlyn Patton3
1Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
Significance Statement:
This case report demonstrates a novel approach to treating a rare indirect carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) and associated abducens palsy. Although endovascular treatment is the standard of care in the management of CCFs, it was contraindicated in this patient. Instead, she underwent an endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) with decompression of the medial orbital apex, including the cavernous sinus and optic nerve, with complete resolution of headache, lateral gaze palsy, and diplopia within 2 months.
