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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
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Liquid flow reversibly creates a macroscopic surface charge gradient.

Patrick Ober1, Willem Q Boon2, Marjolein Dijkstra3

  • 1Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany.

Nature Communications
|July 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid flow over mineral surfaces creates a charge gradient, impacting mineral dissolution. This non-equilibrium process is driven by flow dynamics and surface reactions, affecting natural and engineered systems.

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A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction
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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Mineral surfaces in contact with water acquire charge and dissolve, a ubiquitous natural phenomenon.
  • Most studies focus on equilibrium conditions, overlooking pervasive non-equilibrium effects at the mineral-water interface.
  • Non-equilibrium phenomena significantly influence the mineral-water interface and associated processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of liquid flow on mineral surface charge and dissolution.
  • To demonstrate the creation of a spatial charge gradient on a mineral surface due to liquid flow.
  • To understand the underlying mechanisms governing non-equilibrium surface phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized interface-specific spectroscopy to probe the mineral-water interface.
  • Investigated liquid flow dynamics along a calcium fluoride (CaF2) surface.
  • Developed and applied a reaction-diffusion-advection model for quantitative analysis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that liquid flow induces a reversible spatial charge gradient on the CaF2 surface.
  • Observed a decrease in surface charge downstream of the liquid flow.
  • Quantitatively accounted for the charge gradient using a reaction-diffusion-advection model.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid flow significantly alters mineral surface charge distribution under non-equilibrium conditions.
  • The observed charge gradient results from the interplay of diffusion, advection, dissolution, and adsorption/desorption.
  • The findings are applicable to natural systems like groundwater flow and engineered microfluidic systems.