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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
306
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
1.1K
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

371
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used....
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Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

1.0K
There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Programmable system on chip for controlling an atomic physics experiment.

A Sitaram1, G K Campbell1, A Restelli1

  • 1Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|July 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a flexible clock and pattern generator using programmable systems on chip (PSoCs). This open-source tool synchronizes atomic physics experiments, offering new possibilities for equipment control and data acquisition.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic Physics
  • Instrumentation
  • Embedded Systems

Background:

  • Atomic physics experiments rely on digital pattern generators for precise equipment synchronization.
  • Programmable Systems on Chip (PSoCs) are becoming more accessible due to open-source tools.
  • PSoCs offer a versatile platform for synthesizing digital patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a flexible clock and pattern generator utilizing a PSoC.
  • To showcase the adaptability and potential of PSoCs in experimental control.
  • To provide a foundational hardware and firmware design for broader applications.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraged advancements in open-source development tools for PSoCs.
  • Designed a hardware carrier for the PSoC-based generator.
  • Developed basic firmware for clock and pattern generation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully created a versatile clock and pattern generator using a PSoC.
  • Demonstrated the flexibility of PSoCs for synthesizing complex digital patterns.
  • Established a robust hardware and firmware foundation for future modifications.

Conclusions:

  • PSoCs present a powerful and flexible solution for building custom digital pattern generators.
  • The developed design can be adapted for various atomic physics experiments and other research areas.
  • Open-source accessibility of PSoCs lowers the barrier for creating sophisticated experimental control systems.