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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands01:20

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Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and secreting sweat, a watery fluid that helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
Sweat glands are classified as merocrine glands; that is, the secretions are excreted by exocytosis through a duct without affecting the cells of the gland. There...
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

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Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Thermoregulation01:26

Thermoregulation

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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device
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Energy Autonomous Sweat-Based Wearable Systems.

Libu Manjakkal1, Lu Yin2, Arokia Nathan3

  • 1Bendable Electronics and Sensing Technologies (BEST) Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sustainable wearable electronics require safe, eco-friendly power. Sweat-based biofuel cells and supercapacitors offer promising energy generation and storage for autonomous wearable systems, enhancing applications in health and sports.

Keywords:
biofuel cellsenergy autonomysupercapacitorssweat-based energy systemswearable electronics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Wearable electronics require continuous power, often relying on Li-ion batteries with safety and environmental concerns.
  • Current energy harvesting methods for wearables are limited by safety and sustainability issues.
  • Developing safe and sustainable energy sources is crucial for expanding wearable applications in health monitoring, prosthetics, and sports.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in sweat-based energy generation and storage for fully energy-autonomous wearables.
  • To highlight the potential of biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and batteries utilizing sweat.
  • To address challenges and propose solutions for sustainable wearable power.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of sweat-based energy harvesting and storage technologies.
  • Analysis of performance metrics for sweat-based biofuel cells, supercapacitors, and batteries.
  • Discussion of integration strategies for energy generation and storage components.

Main Results:

  • Sweat-based biofuel cells demonstrate high power densities (up to 3.5 mW cm⁻²).
  • Sweat-electrolyte supercapacitors offer significant energy and power densities (1.36 Wh kg⁻¹ and 329.70 W kg⁻¹).
  • Sweat-activated batteries achieve high energy density (67 Ah kg⁻¹).
  • Combined systems can provide sustainable power in the µW to mW range for autonomous wearables.

Conclusions:

  • Sweat-based energy systems present a viable path towards fully energy-autonomous wearables.
  • These technologies can power sensors and communication devices, enabling diverse applications.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges in long-term stability and scalability.