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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses
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Resistance Correlations Influence Infection by Foreign Pathogens.

Noah Lerner, Victoria Luizzi, Janis Antonovics

    The American Naturalist
    |July 14, 2021
    PubMed
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    Host resistance to new pathogens can be predicted by existing resistance to common diseases. Genetic variation in resistance to endemic pathogens influences susceptibility to foreign pathogens, impacting disease emergence potential.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Plant pathology
    • Evolutionary biology
    • Population genetics

    Background:

    • Reciprocal selection drives host-pathogen specificity and resistance diversity.
    • Organisms exhibit varied responses to novel pathogens, influencing disease emergence.
    • Anther smut disease in *Silene vulgaris* serves as a model system.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the correlation between host resistance to endemic and foreign pathogens.
    • To model the genetic basis of resistance relationships and infection probabilities.
    • To understand how prior pathogen selection influences new disease emergence.

    Main Methods:

    • Assessing infection rates as a measure of resistance in *Silene vulgaris*.
    • Analyzing genetic variation in resistance to endemic and foreign anther smut pathogens.
    • Developing mathematical models for resistance correlations and infection dynamics.

    Main Results:

    • Genetic variation in resistance to an endemic anther smut pathogen positively correlated with resistance to a foreign anther smut pathogen.
    • A negative correlation was observed between anther smut and a necrotrophic pathogen.
    • Infection outcomes depend on the strength of resistance correlations and allele frequencies, even with lower foreign pathogen infectivity.

    Conclusions:

    • Prior selection by endemic diseases shapes resistance variation, influencing foreign pathogen emergence.
    • Positive correlations in resistance can offer protection, but costs and local dynamics may elevate infection risk.
    • Pathogen emergence potential is influenced by both infection rate and resistance variation shaped by endemic diseases.