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A Modified Delphi Involving Laboratory Faculty to Define Essential Skills for Pharmacy Graduates
Jeanne E Frenzel1,2, Brandon T Nuziale3, Courtney L Bradley4
1North Dakota State University, School of Pharmacy, Fargo, North Dakota Jeanne.Frenzel@ndsu.edu.
American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
|July 20, 2021
Summary
Expert faculty identified essential skills for Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) graduates entering community, health-system, ambulatory care, and managed care pharmacy. This research guides curriculum development to ensure pharmacy graduates are practice-ready.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacy Education
- Health Professions Education
- Curriculum Development
Background:
- Essential skills for Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) graduates are crucial for successful entry into diverse pharmacy practice sectors.
- Identifying these core competencies ensures pharmacy school graduates meet the demands of modern pharmacy practice.
Purpose of the Study:
- To define the essential skills required for PharmD graduates entering the four primary pharmacy practice sectors: community, health-system, ambulatory care, and managed care.
- To establish consensus on these skills among expert faculty in pharmacy skills laboratories.
Main Methods:
- A three-round Delphi method was employed to achieve expert consensus on essential pharmacy skills.
- Faculty participants rated the importance of identified skills using a 10-point Likert scale.
Main Results:
- An initial list of 289 skills was refined to a consensus list of 69 community, 47 health-system, 60 ambulatory care, and 15 managed care skills.
- The identified skills were mapped to entrustable professional activities domains for curriculum assessment.
Conclusions:
- The Delphi technique successfully identified laboratory-focused essential skills for PharmD graduates across major practice areas.
- These essential skills provide a framework for curriculum enhancement, milestone tracking, and ensuring practice readiness.
Keywords:
ambulatory care pharmacycommunity pharmacyinstitutional pharmacymanaged care pharmacypharmacy skillsMore Related Videos
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