Silicon compounds as stoichiometric coupling reagents for direct amidation.

Area of Science:

• Organic Chemistry
• Green Chemistry
• Materials Science

Background:

• Amidation is a crucial industrial chemical reaction, yet existing protocols often lack safety, high yield, environmental friendliness, or cost-effectiveness.
• Direct amidation of carboxylic acids with amines presents an ideal strategy for developing improved amidation methods.
• Silicon reagents have been progressively explored for direct amidation since the 1960s.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review existing literature on silicon reagent-mediated direct amidation of carboxylic acids with amines.
• To cover methods utilizing polymeric silicon dioxide (SiO2) for promoting direct amidation.
• To consolidate knowledge on safe, high-yielding, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive amidation protocols.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature search of silicon reagent-mediated direct amidation methods.
• Inclusion of studies employing polymeric SiO2 as a catalyst or promoter.
• Focus on methods published up to April 2021.

Main Results:

• Silicon reagents have demonstrated significant potential in facilitating direct amidation reactions.
• Polymeric SiO2 has emerged as a viable material for promoting efficient direct amidation.
• Various silicon-based strategies offer improvements over traditional amidation techniques.

Conclusions:

• Silicon reagent-mediated direct amidation represents a promising avenue for developing superior industrial amidation protocols.
• Further research into silicon-based methods, including those using polymeric SiO2, is warranted for sustainable chemical synthesis.
• The reviewed methods highlight progress towards achieving safe, high-yielding, green, and economical amidation.