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Related Concept Videos

Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while...
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Next-generation Sequencing03:00

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Quantification and Whole Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Air Samples
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A Sanger sequencing protocol for SARS-CoV-2 S-gene.

Rodney S Daniels1, Ruth Harvey1, Burcu Ermetal1

  • 1Worldwide Influenza Centre (WIC: a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza), The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses
|August 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a Sanger sequencing protocol for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) gene, enabling rapid, at-source variant screening. The method is suitable for laboratories with basic equipment and provides timely data for public health surveillance.

Keywords:
S-geneSARS-CoV-2Sanger sequencingbase-calling accuracyvariant detection

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-glycoprotein is crucial for viral entry and a primary target for COVID-19 vaccines.
  • Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 variants is essential for public health response and vaccine efficacy assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a Sanger sequencing protocol for the SARS-CoV-2 S-gene.
  • To enable rapid, "at source" screening of SARS-CoV-2 variants using basic laboratory capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of a Sanger sequencing protocol targeting the SARS-CoV-2 S-gene.
  • Utilized clinical specimens in lysis-mix or virus transport medium, and cultured viruses for testing.

Main Results:

  • The protocol is effective for screening SARS-CoV-2 variants, including those of concern.
  • Demonstrated applicability in both surveillance of clinical samples and research with cultured viruses.

Conclusions:

  • The described Sanger sequencing protocol offers a timely and accessible method for SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance.
  • This protocol can yield valuable public health data, supporting ongoing efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.