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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Valence Bond Theory02:45

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Overview of Valence Bond Theory
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Noncovalent Interactions at Lanthanide Complexes.

Kamran T Mahmudov1,2, Fatali E Huseynov2, Vusala A Aliyeva1

  • 1Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Designing lanthanide complexes with specific secondary coordination spheres enhances their catalytic activity. Noncovalent interactions are key to tuning these functional materials for improved organic reactions.

Keywords:
crystal engineeringlanthanide complexesnoncovalent interactionssynthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Lanthanide complexes exhibit diverse structures and tunable properties.
  • Functional materials based on lanthanides often require tailored secondary coordination spheres.
  • Simple lanthanide salts (solvento complexes) show limited catalytic efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the secondary coordination sphere in lanthanide complex catalysis.
  • To highlight how noncovalent interactions modify lanthanide complex properties.
  • To showcase examples of lanthanide complexes as catalysts in organic reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of X-ray crystal structures of lanthanide complexes.
  • Review of literature on lanthanide-based functional materials and catalysis.
  • Focus on noncovalent interactions in the secondary coordination sphere.

Main Results:

  • The secondary coordination sphere significantly impacts lanthanide complex catalytic performance.
  • Noncovalent interactions like hydrogen, halogen, and π-π bonds are effective synthons.
  • Modified lanthanide complexes act as efficient catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.

Conclusions:

  • Strategic design of the secondary coordination sphere is crucial for developing advanced lanthanide catalysts.
  • Noncovalent interactions offer a versatile approach to tune lanthanide complex properties.
  • This review provides insights into utilizing diverse interactions for functional lanthanide materials.