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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Tough Materials Through Ionic Interactions.

Linda Salminen1, Erno Karjalainen2, Vladimir Aseyev1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|August 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances butyl acrylate materials using dynamic crosslinkers. These dynamic crosslinks significantly improve mechanical properties, offering a versatile approach for polymer material development.

Keywords:
crosslinkingdynamic crosslinkerphotopolymerizationreinforcementtensile strength

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Butyl acrylate-based materials often require enhanced mechanical properties for broader applications.
  • Dynamic crosslinking offers a novel approach to material toughening and property modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of dynamic crosslinkers on the mechanical and thermal properties of butyl acrylate materials.
  • To compare the efficacy of two distinct dynamic crosslinkers, C4ASA and C6ASA, in modifying material characteristics.
  • To understand the interplay between dynamic and chemical crosslinking in determining material performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of butyl acrylate-based materials with varying degrees of dynamic and chemical crosslinking.
  • Characterization using tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
  • Evaluation of material response to deformation and thermal stress.

Main Results:

  • Dynamic crosslinks significantly enhanced material strength and toughness.
  • Chemical crosslinks provided shape stability but minimally impacted material strength.
  • The C6ASA crosslinker yielded more elastic yet slightly weaker materials compared to C4ASA.
  • A clear correlation was established between crosslinking density and observed mechanical/thermal properties.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic crosslinking is a highly effective strategy for substantially improving the mechanical properties of polymer materials.
  • The choice of dynamic crosslinker (e.g., C4ASA vs. C6ASA) allows for tunable material elasticity and strength.
  • This dynamic crosslinking approach presents a unique and broadly applicable method for advanced polymer material design.