Cervicofacial actinomycosis: a unique diagnostic challenge.

Area of Science:

• Infectious Diseases
• Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
• Bacteriology

Background:

• Actinomycosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by *Actinomyces israelii*, an anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium.
• It commonly colonizes the oral, digestive, and genital tracts, with cervicofacial actinomycosis affecting the mandible in 50% of cases.
• Typically, infections occur in immunocompetent individuals with mucosal trauma from dental procedures or poor hygiene.

Observation:

• This report details a 54-year-old male diagnosed with cervicofacial actinomycosis.
• The patient presented with infection in the absence of periodontal disease or recent dental procedures, challenging typical etiological assumptions.
• The case underscores the importance of considering actinomycosis even without common predisposing factors.

Findings:

• The study discusses the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and histological findings of actinomycosis.
• Diagnostic techniques, including imaging and microbiological analysis, are reviewed.
• Current treatment strategies for actinomycosis are explored, emphasizing timely intervention.

Implications:

• Accurate and prompt recognition of actinomycosis is crucial for effective management.
• This case and review aim to guide physicians across specialties in diagnosing and treating cervicofacial actinomycosis.
• Understanding atypical presentations can improve patient outcomes for this rare infection.