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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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Engineering Purely Nonlinear Coupling between Superconducting Qubits Using a Quarton.

Yufeng Ye1,2, Kaidong Peng1,2, Mahdi Naghiloo2

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|August 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method using a quarton to achieve strong nonlinear coupling between superconducting qubits. This breakthrough enables ultrastrong cross-Kerr interactions, advancing quantum information processing and enabling faster quantum gates.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Superconducting Circuits
  • Quantum Computing

Background:

  • Nonlinear coupling is essential for quantum information processing.
  • Current methods often rely on weak dispersive coupling, which can lead to unwanted nonlinear effects and mode mixing.
  • Josephson nonlinearity is typically perturbative, limiting coupling strength.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve purely nonlinear coupling between linearly decoupled transmon qubits.
  • To overcome the limitations of weak dispersive coupling in quantum systems.
  • To enable stronger and more controlled nonlinear interactions for quantum applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a novel 'quarton' device with specific potential characteristics (zero ϕ² and positive ϕ⁴).
  • Implementing ultrastrong gigahertz-level cross-Kerr coupling.
  • Achieving coupling between bare modes of qubit-qubit, qubit-photon, and photon-photon.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated purely nonlinear coupling between two linearly decoupled transmon qubits.
  • Achieved an order of magnitude stronger cross-Kerr coupling compared to existing schemes.
  • Showcased the ability to cancel self-Kerr nonlinearity in qubits, linearizing them into resonators.

Conclusions:

  • The quarton enables ultrastrong cross-Kerr coupling, a significant advancement for quantum technologies.
  • This method provides a pathway to enhanced quantum information processing capabilities.
  • Applications include single microwave photon detection, ultrafast two-qubit gates, and improved readout.