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Change in Rheologic Properties of Facial Soft-Tissue Fillers across the Physiologic Angular Frequency Spectrum
Sebastian Cotofana1, Hassan Hamade1, Vince Bertucci1
1From the Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science; Division of Anatomy, Department of Medical Education, Albany Medical College; Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto; private practice; Skin Associates of South Florida, Skin Research Institute; the Erevna Innovations, Inc., Clinical Research Unit; Division of Plastic Surgery, McGill University; and the Department for Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilian University.
Background:
The number of soft-tissue filler injections performed in the United States is constantly increasing and reflects the high demand for enhanced facial and body attractiveness. The objective of the present study was to measure the viscoelastic properties of soft-tissue fillers when subjected to different testing frequencies. The range of tested frequencies represents clinically different facial areas with more [lips (high frequency)] or less [zygomatic arch (low frequency)] soft-tissue movement.
Methods:
A total of 35 randomly selected hyaluronic acid-based dermal filler products were tested in an independent laboratory for their values of G', G″, tan δ, and G* at angular frequencies between 0.1 and 100 radian/second.
Results:
The results of the objective analyses revealed that the viscoelastic properties of all tested products changed between 0.1 and 100 radian/second angular frequency. Changes in G' ranged from 48.5 to 3116 percent, representing an increase in their initial elastic modulus, whereas changes in G″ ranged from -53.3 percent (i.e., decrease in G″) to 7741 percent (i.e., increase in G″), indicating both an increase and a decrease in their fluidity, respectively.
Conclusions:
The increase in G' would indicate the transition from a "softer" to a "harder" filler, and the observed decrease in G″ would indicate an increase in the filler's "fluidity." Changes in the frequency of applied shear forces such as those occurring in the medial versus the lateral face will influence the aesthetic outcome of soft-tissue filler injections.
